1946 - 1963 LN 501-201 LN 501-201 LN 501-201 B/W SD 13:32:30 - 13:42:08 Pursuit of Peace Reel 2 part 1
B/W War Graves - blowing up aircraft after WWII. Demobilization in US - fleet in mothballs - scrap jeeps. Production of household / white goods, irons, electric cookers. Whiz-pan.
13:33:14 1946 - United Nations - Bernard Baruch - proposal for international control of all atomic energy.
13;33:40 Aerial views Berlin post WWII, bomb damage. US aid / Marshall Plan / Cargo ships unloading. Montage shots European countries benefiting from aid - construction work - laying new RR tracks - steam train - agriculture - haymaking.
13:34:24 AVs Berlin 1948 - ground shots empty railway stations and roads - travel restrictions - blockade. Berlin airlift - planes flying in low - supplies unloaded. Blockade lifted - border gates opened.
13:35:10 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Flags flying - montage military - naval - aircraft - troops marching. Scots guards. (NATO)
13:35:31 Korea - Night shots artillery barrage. Day, Korean refugees. United Nations Security Council. Battle scenes Korean war. Injured soldier carried on stretcher. Blood transfusion given in the field. Korean peace talks - delegates arrive - sign.
13:36:39 Rocket fired - space race - Russian experiments with weightlessness etc. Missile launched. Nuclear powered submarine. Russia - Military parade in Moscow's Red Square - montage shots Russian and US Military hardware intercut.
13:38:11 USAF Reconnaissance plane landing. Still pix missile bases on Cuba. Brief shots re missile crisis - press. President John F. Kennedy addresses the nation re crisis - announces Cuban blockade - speech continues over shots Recon. planes landing - film removed, developed and studied. operations rooms. B-52 bombers taking off. Brief shot JFK on small TV screen, people watching.
13:40:02 Adlai Stevenson speaks at United Nations - asks USSR delegate if they are putting missiles in Cuba. Russian delegate refuses to answer. AVs Rssian ships approaching Cuba - UN Navy ship running parallel.
13:41:26 Averell Harriman with Dean Rusk arrive at Kennedy holiday home after negotiating atmospheric atomic test ban treaty in Moscow. Press - photocall with President.
13:41:45 Moscow - Kremlin - treaty signed by US, Soviet Union and Great Britain.
Cold War

1948 - 1950s LN 501-200 LN 501-200 LN 501-200 B/W SD 11:36:22 - 11:43:58 Berlin - Test For Freedom
Life in Berlin during Blockade / airift
11:36:22 Mass meeting addresses by Ernst Reuter S urging them not to give up and appealed to the World for support. Father Christmas airlift - gifts handed out to German children. Children unwrap parcels and look at Santa and Red Indian. Choir singing.
11:37:30 Airlift shots - seaplanes bringing supplies. Pilot given flowers. Children playing with model aircraft in streets. Aftermath of plane crash, aircraft in flames - firefighting. Plane flying low.
11:37:59 2nd May 1949 - blockade lifted - night shots as barriers lifted. Day shots various celebrations.
11:38:21 East Berlin, communist demonstrations - scuffle between two young men. Communists storm Greater Berlin City Hall. Non-communist deputies establish government offices in West Berlin - free elections. Animated map showing division of East and West Berlin.
11:39:20 Communist police HQ - guns issued. 1953 Berlin riots - demonstrators massed on streets, Red Flag torn down from Brandenburg gate - flag burning. Soviet / Russian tanks crush revolt.
11:40:04 Rebuilding of West Berlin with Marshall plan aid - construction work - apartment blocks - modern architecture - Berlin Hilton - modern roads / highways. Industry - clothing factory - women at sewing machines. Heavy machinery in factory. Modern art - iron sculpture. Airlift memorial. Congress hall. Kurfurstendamr - street scenes. Berlin Film Festival - movie stars. Young women - fashions. Street cafes.
11:42:14 Everyday life - Organ grinder, women listen from windows. Man with giant pumpkin. Summer - Man relaxing in garden, soaking feet in bowl of water and drinking beer. Man in hammock - watering garden. Tourists sightseeing - large building - visiting lake and countryside. Holidaymakers - sailing - crowded carparks. Border signs. Family at lakeside in the evening, two boys run into water watched by mother and father.
11:43:10 Berlin night life on Kurfurstendamr - exteriors nightclubs - neon lights - fountains
11:43:27 City planners with models of a united Berlin.
11:43:35 Interior nighclub - dining - dancing.
Cold War

1948 ? LN 501-161 220609 220609 b/w Sd 07:26:42 - 07:36:34 The Promise of Barty O'Brien
Dramatised film to show the work of the Marshall Plan in Ireland
Four prop aircraft landing at Shannon airport - passengers through arrival hall. Two passengers, one Irish and one American take coffee in lounge. Irish man reminisces about his home.
Young man with donkey and cart standing on moor - pan round bog. Power plant and cooling tower under construction. Men working on installation - electricity pylons. Small farmhouse next to cooling tower. Father telling son to keep away from power people. Interior cottage, father tends fire. Father talking to man who has asked to marry his daughter - says he doesn't like his "new fangled" ideas.
Shots cooling tower now finished and power plant in operation - smoke from chimneys. Exterior farmhouse.

1948 ? LN 501-161 220609 220609 b/w Sd 07:36:48 - 07:47:17 The Promise of Barty O'Brien
Dramatised film to show the work of the Marshall Plan in Ireland
Machine cutting peat. Men using shovels to load peat into waggons. Young man decides to find out what happens to peat they cut and jumps freight train. Small steam train carrying wagons filled with peat up and past. Train into power station yard. Man watches as waggons of peat are raised by crane and emptied into bunkers. Furnaces burning turf - turbines to make electricity. Worker checking guages in turbine hall - discovers young man and tells him to leave then offers him a job. Young man walks out of plant and goes home. Young man is employed as ashman's helper - emptying hot ashes into dumpers. Young man also working on farm.
07:43:03 Inside the plant, young man walks past boiler controls - notices something wrong and changes dials - boss tells him off. Young man creeps back into house and is caught by father who thinks he has been out with girl.
07:45:42 Old fashioned alarm clock showing twenty past two. Peat fire burning in open hearth. Young man has dream sequence about power plant - dials. Inside the plant engineer suggests to young man that he attends night school.

1948 SN 901-001 220292 220292 B/W Sd 11:29:32 - 11:31:51 Truman Speaks to Congress on State of the Union
Capitol - Truman welcomed by congress. Truman speaks re cost of living and inflation - corporate profits - says he wants $40 tax credit for all and support of the Marshall Plan

1949 / 1950s ? LN 501-127 LN 501-127 LN 501-127 b/w Sd 18:00:45 - 18:13:18 A Seed is Sown
Shows exchange initiated through Marshall Plan in which farm youths lived and worked in other countries, sharing ideas and techniques in agriculture.
AV Capitol, crowds at 4-H club gathering - young european farmers who had attended camp financed by Marshall Plan
18:01:13 Young boy takes 4-H club oath. Young boys educated in farming / agriculture. Washing and combing bull for show. " Girls have their own tasks such as preserving and other home making tasks " - girl with jar of preserves / home dressmaking.
18:02:05 Washington, outdoor meeting of 4-H club.
18:02:32 Young American farmers at airport leaving for Europe. Goodbyes. Plane takes off.
18:03:11 Denmark - agricultural fair - Marshall Plan exhibit. (ECA) Young US farmer visits pig and dairy farm. Chicken farming. Cows milked by machine. Weeding sugar beet field.
18:04:50 France - Young woman farmer from Kentucky visits farm in France. French family with baby. Girl joins in harvesting of wheat by machine and with hand scythe. Threshing. Farmer showing grain to girl. American combine harvester at work.
18:06:43 Girl visits blacksmiths shop. Visits fruit orchard - fruit being bagged on tree for protection. French farmers custom at end of harvest. Drinking toast.
18:08:00 West Germany - Young Kansas farmer visits pig and potato farm. Tractor lifting potatoes, women picking and placing in baskets. Pigs in pen. Pigs suckling. Cooking potatoes for pigs. Feeding pigs. Young farmers relaxing - swimming.
18:09:50 4-H club members return to US. American farm which is being visited by English girl Alison Reeve. Girl shown printed information pamphlet. Young boys and Alison being taught about bull.
18:10:53 Connecticut - 4-H club sign New London County. Girl looking at tractor. Girl with family having dinner in open air. Ext church and interior service in progress. Square dancing.
18:12:18 Montage shots of above - reprise and short shots farming around Europe.

1949 LN 501-126 LN 501-126 LN 501-126 b/w Sd 17:34:10 - 17:43:16 Europe Looks Ahead PartOne
Montage shots daily life around Europe post war. Stamp ERP - European Recovery Programme.
Shipyard - workers on ships - painting anchor chain. Ship on booklet which is being shown to class of school children. Marshall Plan. Industry - smoking chimneys - interior factories - steel production. People looking at posters showing European Economic Progress.
17:36:56 Walcheren island off Holland - remains of wreckage on shore from WWII. Dykes collapsed and sea had reclaimed land. Post war farming, reclaiming the land, tractor driver. Harvest - grain / wheat.
17:37:33 Steam shovels carrying out further land reclamation - dykes being built.
17:37:50 Turkey - agriculture - farming. Tractor. Local expert and American advisors instructing Turkish farmers - new machinery, plough from Detroit, combine harvester. Loading wagon with flour.
17:38:56 Denmark - chicken farming - feed supplied by Marshall Plan. Livestock farming - pigs, cows. Cheese tested. Cheese and other products loaded onto lorries for export. Docks, loading ships.
17:40:00 Antwerp Port - dockers loading ships with barrels. Top shot harbour. Cargo ships.
17:40:54 Italy - people looking at posters re reconstruction of Italian ports funded in part by Marshall Plan. Rebuilt railway bridge crossing Po river. Freight train over river.
17:41:38 Trieste - port / docks - CU cargo with countries of origin. Shipyard in Trieste, ships under construction. Ships leaving Trieste harbour.
17:42:48 Ship going through Corinth canal in Greece. Rebuilding of canal following WWII using American engineers and equipment. Pireaus port / docks.
17:43:25 River Rhone - work to divert the path of the river between Montdragon and ?. Huge machinery - earth moving equipment.

1949 LN 501-126 LN 501-126 LN 501-126 b/w Sd 17:44:18 - 17:52:54 Europe Looks Ahead Part Two
River Rhone - work to divert the path of the river between Montdragon and ?. Huge machinery - earth moving equipment. Work is being carried out to channel water into new hydro-electric reservoir / dam.
17:44:41 Norway - northern most iron mine in the World being re-equipped and modernised. Shots town, snow covered buildings. Man walking next to barbed wire fence which forms the border between Russia / Soviet Union and Norway. American mining equipment used - iron ore.
17:45;30 Northern Austria - interior steel mill / foundry shots.
17:46:18 Volkswagon cars in West Germany. Interior car factory - motor parts. production line.
17:47:05 England - rubber tyre factory. Sacks of carbon black stamped with USA being unloaded. Rubber production. HMV radio - announcer says that the British standard of living has improved during 1949 partly due to Marshall plan. Workers leaving factory. Workers in canteen eating. Women in grocery shop.
17:48:20 Freight train - men working on overhead electrical wires. Exports to America - men packing crates - Austin Motor Cars for export to USA. Women polishing cars.
17:49:22 Various shots construction work using heavy machinery. Planning office.
17:50:05 Animated map Europe showing proposed areas of economic co-operation. Paris HQ of O.E.E.C. Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (Common Market) - men entering building. Meeting between OEEC and Marshal Plan representatives.
17:51:00 Strasbourg - meeting place - flags flying. Conference calling for the political unification of all the free nations of Europe. Council of Europe in session - Winston Churchill - Paul Henri Spak of Belgium.
17:51:31 Education - children taught about united Europe. Customs signs of England France Italy. Customs checks made in various countries. Border post lifted and lorry drives through.

1950 LN 501-126 LN 501-126 LN 501-126 b/w Sd 17:11:05 - 17:23:10 Liquid Force - Hydro Electricity
Electric pylons / power lines - sparking as arms moving. Montage where electricity is used - transport / trolley buses - trains - industry - Car factory, motors on production line. Montage streams, waterfalls and reservoirs. Animated map showing projects underway in building dams. Building dams on River Rhone. Construction work using heavy machinery - commentary explains that a lot of the machinery and the money / finance to construct these projects comes from Marshall Plan. Men working day and night - welding.
17:16:00 Montage shots use of electricity - man at dials - operating theatre in hospital - dentist - display white goods for kitchen.
17:16:26 Construction work on massive Central development. Cement carried in buckets on aerial cables / invention looks like cable cars. Huge technological achievement. Men walking over huge pipelines which will carry water to turbines.
17:19:15 Building different dam in another location using old methods. Men hammering wood.
17:20:10 Uses of power - Woman on telephone exchange - woman in home using phone - man turning dials of generator ? Radio mast / broadcasting. Man in home listening to radio. Children on roundabout / carousel at funfair. Men up pylons and telegraph poles - electrification.
17:21:05 Interior farmhouse, open fire burning in grate. Electricity turned on for house.
17:21:13 Construction work on dam in the Alps - Dam on Marron river under construction. Dam in the Dordogne nearing completion. Rhine river dam which was damaged during the war but now ready for use again. Dordogne dam in operation.
17:22:14 Interior power station - turbines - power lines. Turning switches in power station sending electricity to any part of France or Europe. Electricity sparking on pylons

1950 220271 220271 182752 TRD / B/W sd 01:17:20 Communism
Large massed parade of communists on Mayday in Berlin. France demonstration against Marshall plan aid. Tokyo students riot. Homefront Communism at Union Square. Valentin Gubitchev deported following conviction.

1950 LN 501-127 LN 501-127 LN 501-127 b/w Sd 18:13:20 - 18:18:30 Rice and Bulls Reel 2
Documentary: Shows how cooperation among farmers and Marshall Plan assistance irrigated and reclaimed the salt lands of the Camargue in Southern France to increase rice production.
R.2. Scenes of neighbours planting and later harvesting rice. Farmers discuss how the Marshall Plan has benefitted their community.
Tractor - ploughing land, looking at soil. Line of men sowing rice in flooded field / paddy. Nice shot two old farmers in shadow looking over fields.
18:14:40 Rice crop - harvesting by machine.
18:15:41 Farmers at long table toasting harvest. Farmer at head of table with bulls horns. Another farmer talking about benefits of marshall plan. New pumping stations allowing farmers to pump salt water into Rhone. Farmer demonstrating using handfuls of rice how production has gone up dramatically.

1950 LN 501-162 220610 220610 b/w Sd 08:11:29 - 08:23:03 Marshall Plan At Work In Great Britain
London stockshots - Tower Bridge - horseguards on sentry duty. Horse-drawn delivery van from Scotts of Piccadilly - drivers in top hats. Two men in top hats having conversation. Rural countryside - farms - agriculture. Manor house - home of Washington family. Gravestone of William Penn. Farmer driving tractor in orchard. Tractor ploughing- good shot line of tractors through field (British farmers are the most mechanised in the world).
08:13:26 Night shots - Houses of Parliament - night shots Piccadilly - London West end with lights. Bovril sign. 08:13:40 Blackout and blitz during WWII.
08:14:03 Construction / building work in post war London - bricklayers. Blocks of council flats. Interior grocery shop / store - woman buying food - weighing bacon on scales - weighing butter - some food still on ration. Cheese weighed. Exterior Lipton grocery shop. Housewife having ration book marked. Housewife leaves with her shopping.
08:15:38 Flashback to Jarrow in 1930s - closed factories. Depression, men on street corners - closed shops.
08:16:01 Summer 1950 - same street, shops open and propering. Shipyards - docks - stock of ships propellors. 08:16:31 Open cast mining of ?. Farmland next to factories. Interior factory - production lines - women workers taking bars of soap? from line. Interior cotton mill - women working on looms.
08:17:29 Scotland - whisky production. Shots distillery - old man rolling barrels marked with Glenlivet etc. Interior man in white coat smelling whisky in glasses and identifying which malt they are. Bottling plant - bottles on production line - being babelled.
08:18:33 Export shops for tourists - tax free. Man being shown suiting material, socks and other mens clothes. Wife trying jumper.
08:19:11 Exterior Firestone factory - interior tyre / tire production. Rubber - carbon black - Finished tyre. Tractor factory - man driving finished tractor at speed. Tractors on back of flatbed truck for transportation. Trucks - British road services - loaded with various machinery for export to help the economy.
08:20:06 Line of Vauxhall cars along road - sign in window Manufactured by Vauxhall of Luton. Cars lined up on dock waiting for loading onto ship. 08.20.38 Barge taking on grain
08:20:50 USA - shops in America selling British goods. Traffic on roads. 5th Avenue shops. Woman shopping in British Tweed store. British furniture and Church's shoe shop in New York.
08:21:34 UK - Food imports - unloading meat / carcasses at docks. Port of London.
08:21:47 English leisure pursuits - crowds at swimming pool - men playing bowls - Old Pub - interior pub people drinking. Landlord calls time. Montage shots - going to work, walking across bridge - traffic - Train crossing bridge (Forth ?).

1950 LN 501-287 220789 220789 B/W SD 05:26:00 - 05:27:00 U.S. Aid Spurs Oil Drilling In France (Marshall Plan)
Sheep pasture w/ oil rig in background & drilling. View of tower, tilt down. Looking up, view looking down from top. CU Oil starting up & running down pipe fittings. CU of man standing in oil.
05:26:45 Pipes and filling RR cars Cars leaving towards and past camera.
'A new and promising oil field is opened up in southern France with the aid of Marshall Plan funds. The newest American drilling techniques are employed.'

1950s LN 501-161 220609 220609 b/w Sd 07:47:33 - 08:00:05
The Marshall Plan At Work
Lakes of Kilarney - tourists - landscape scenics. Tourist getting onto horse and cart outside hotel, waving. Toursits mounting horses - pony trekking. Blarney Castle, County Cork. Tourists tradition - kiss the Blarney stone. Remains of early church and castle - Castle and house belonging to Sir Walter Raleigh. Bubbling river - falls.
07:50:37 Sign Office of Public Works Brosna Drainage. Plan to turn bog land into useful areas. Rivers dredged. Trench drainage machine cutting through bogs. Electricity transformer which was once level with ground, bog has dropped three feet. Men cutting peat by hand - turf laid out to dry. Donkey and cart into which turfs are loaded. Small cottage with smoking chimney from peat fire. Men piling up peat moss. Moss in bales transported for export. Mechanical digger of peat. Men putting dried peat on conveyor belt. Peat loaded into trucks from conveyor. Small train takes trucks to electric power station. Crates raised onto elevated railway - fed into bunkers. Power station - pylons. Thatched cottage. Sign Rural electrification. Power lines across fields. Construction work on tower of thermal power station. Hydro-electric dam.
07:55:52 ExteriorFactory - sugar refinery. Limestone quarry - men digging by hand. American trucks used to transport limestone to nearby farms. Limestone transferred from big truck to smaller for use on farm. Spreading lime on farm field / agriculture. Tractor ploughing furrows. Tractor turning hay - farm labourers making haystacks. Traditional farmhouse, boy with donkey, geese in yard. Pigs in pens, chickens out of coup. Cattle in fields. Cattle market for export.
07:58:48 Dublin city centre with traffic. Various street scenes and buildings. Man buys ? from woman street peddler. Scenics.

1950s ? LN 501-107 LN 501-107 LN 501-107 b/w SIL 07:09:07 - 07:19:58 Moroccan Outpost
Possibly Sultan Sidi Mohammed sitting on throne like chair. Man hands him papers Sultan sitting at desk, brough papers to sign.
07:11:30 Unid. men touring gardens of palace ? looking at building - man repairing mosaic
07:14:30 Inspecting irrigation pump (Irrigation financed with help of Marshall Plan)
07:15:31 Interior palace ? group meeting
07:16:17 Exterior Moroccan Soldiers marching with rifles. Soldiers on horseback playing musical instruments ride through arch. Military drill on parade ground
07:18:44 Sultan arrives at gathering ?
Need card check

1950s LN 501-127 LN 501-127 LN 501-127 b/w Sd 18:18:36 - 18:29:10 Land of Apulia
Row of women sitting at tables cracking nuts / shelling almonds and singing. Poverty.
18:20:32 Accordian player walking along with group of young men / unemployed. Village street, statue of Roman poet Horace. Women drawing water from well, bucket of water used to water plants. Irrigation / water shortage.
18:21;55 Crowds gathered in village square to celebrate the opening of water standpipe. Dignitary walking through square and getting water from tap. Running water to Italian villages has been made possible by Marshall plan. Horse drinking water - girl drinking water from running tap.
18:22;38 Drought - dried up river beds. River in full flood two months a year. Flooded countryside.
18;23:10 Work being carried out on walls of river beds, building walls to contain flood water. Construction work. Building houses. Woman getting bucket of water from standpipe. Salt marshland.
18:24:35 Village - church bell ringing. Religious procession - villagers carrying statue and farming tools. Catholic Priest holds service on edge of marshes. Men sowing by hand on newly reclaimed land. Rain / storms. Men in streets watching rain. Salvaged areas once again salt marsh - crops lost.
18:28:04 New agricutural machinery courtesy of the Marshall Plan. Bulldozers in line moving into area to reclaim land permanently.

1950s LN 501-127 LN 501-127 LN 501-127 b/w Sd 18:29:26 - 18:37:48 The Home We Love Part 1 (Marshall Plan)
Documentary: Focuses on the french town of Mazamet and its role as a great wool and leather producing centre, before and after World War II.
Typical old French man leaving home, walking in village / town narrow streets. Stops to talk to old woman on doorstep. Top shot town of Mazamet - rooftops - valley. Old man stops at shop. Modern buildings in Mazamet, banks. Various brass plaques with names of business connected to wool industry.
18:31:58 Farmer with flock of sheep. Sacks of wool unloaded from freight train. Ruins of small wool factories which had to close when the flocks died.
18:32:38 Waterfall / river / canals leading water into factories for washing wool. Method of removing wool from hides by soaking in water and scraping. Denapping process. Piles of sheep hides imported from round the world.
18:34:17 Men round notice board in street writing down wool prices.
18:34:35 Complete denapping process shows - hide soaked in water. Machines / rollers - hides fed through to remove dirt and grease. Skins redipped and then put into fermentation chambers. Hand denapping - wool is scraped from hides with special knives. Skins dried and sent for curing. Interior factory - Skins softened in chemical baths - through rollers - tanning, skins into huge drum. Skins polished and pressed.

1950s LN 501-127 LN 501-127 LN 501-127 b/w Sd 18:37:55 - 18:44:35 The Home We Love Part 2 (Marshall Plan)
Documentary: Focuses on the french town of Mazamet and its role as a great wool and leather producing centre, before and after World War II.
Wool factory. Women carry bales of wool for processing. Wool washed in large containers - steaming vats. Clean wool put in spin dryer operated by woman. Clean wool transported round factory on conveyor belts. Women sorting wool.
18:39:22 Old man wearing beret sitting on stone bridge lights pipe, remembers the time just after the war when France had no money or industry - factories with machines standing idle, streets with closed shops and houses with closed shutters. Closed banks. Men chopping logs - fishing in river.
18;40:50 Modern day - busy streets / shoppers / industry up and running. Lorries through town. Commentary says 7 million pounds Sterling given through Marshall Plan brought Mazanet back to life. Factories working. Heavy machinery / mechanisation. Warehouses full of wool. Looms - spinning - mills. Bundles of wool for export. Bundles of wool on lorries.
18:43:20 River - old man gets lift in truck up hill to his home. Shots over valley.

1952 LN 501-247 220728 220728 B/W SIL 09:53:29 - 10:02:29 Reconstruction of Berlin
HSs, looking in both directions on Schloss Str, business street in the US zone. LS, modern apartment building on Innsbrucker Platz, cyclists move past in foreground. LSs, of Air Lift Memorial and Tempelhof Air Base building. Shots of building on Meringdam Str. VS, shoppers on the Kurfurstendamm Str in the British zone; a sidewalk display box. Hotel, department store in the US zone. Two women inspect window of a jewelry store, they enter. Window of a radio shop. Partially reconstructed building housing Berliner Bank on Kurfurstendam Str. VS, sidewalk stands selling fruit, cosmetics and housewares against background of bombed building. MS, fruit stand. A cyclist and his girl read amusement ads on circular billboard; walk away. Civilian policeman directs a pedestrian; policeman directs traffic. White-coated policeman directs vehicular traffic at a busy intersection. LS, ruins of old buildings. VS, Russian War Memorial. VS, Brandenburg Tor / Gate LS, old German Reichstag building. Two-decker bus drives on residential street. View of the entrance to the subway, the "S" Bahn. Shot of a building surrounded by scaffolding and a sign indicating Marshall Plan aid for "Clay Allee". Autos drive on a residential street; car traffic in shopping street.